Overview

Nephrotic Syndrome is a kidney disorder that affects both adults and children, characterized by excessive protein loss in the urine, leading to a host of complications. This condition occurs when the kidneys' filtering units, known as glomeruli, are damaged, resulting in protein leakage. Understanding its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options is crucial for managing the condition effectively.

What is Nephrotic Syndrome?

Nephrotic Syndrome is not a disease in itself but rather a collection of symptoms that indicate kidney damage. It can occur as a primary condition (affecting only the kidneys) or as a secondary condition caused by systemic diseases like diabetes, lupus, or infections.

The hallmark features of Nephrotic Syndrome include:

• Proteinuria:High levels of protein in the urine.
• Hypoalbuminemia: Low levels of albumin / protein in the blood.
• Edema :Swelling, especially in the legs, ankles, and around the eyes.
• Hyperlipidemia:Elevated cholesterol and triglyceride levels.

Causes of Nephrotic Syndrome

Nephrotic Syndrome can arise from a variety of conditions, broadly categorized as:

Primary Causes

1. Minimal Change Disease (MCD):The most common cause in children, where the kidney tissue appears normal under a microscope but functions abnormally.
2. Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS): Scarring in parts of the glomeruli, often leading to long-term kidney damage.
3. Membranous Nephropathy: Thickening of the glomerular membrane due to immune deposits and leads to kidney failure in future.

Secondary Causes

1. Systemic Diseases: Diabetes, lupus, and amyloidosis.
2. Infections: Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, HIV, and malaria.
3. Medications:NSAIDs and certain antibiotics.
4. Allergens:Bee stings and certain food allergies.

Symptoms of Nephrotic Syndrome

• Foamy Urine: Due to excess protein.
• Severe Swelling:Particularly in the lower extremities and face.
• Weight Gain: Due to fluid retention.
• Fatigue: Caused by low protein levels.
• Loss of Appetite:A common symptom in advanced stages.

How is Nephrotic Syndrome Diagnosed?

Early diagnosis is key to preventing severe complications. Common diagnostic tests include:

1. Urinalysis:To detect protein and other abnormalities in the urine.
2. Blood Tests:To measure albumin, cholesterol, and kidney function.
3. Kidney Biopsy:To identify the underlying cause in unclear cases.
4. Imaging Tests:Ultrasound or CT scans to examine kidney structure.

Complications of Nephrotic Syndrome

Untreated or poorly managed Nephrotic Syndrome can lead to:

• Acute kidney injury or chronic kidney disease.
• Increased risk of infections due to protein loss.
• Blood clots from changes in blood composition.
• Cardiovascular issues linked to high cholesterol.

Treatment Options

The treatment of Nephrotic Syndrome focuses on addressing the underlying cause and managing symptoms.

Medications

• Corticosteroids:Commonly used for conditions like Minimal Change Disease.
• Immunosuppressants:For autoimmune-related causes.
• Diuretics:To reduce swelling by eliminating excess fluid.
• ACE Inhibitors/ARBs:To control blood pressure and reduce protein leakage.
• Statins:To manage hyperlipidemia.

Lifestyle Changes

• Dietary Modifications:A low-salt, low-fat, and moderate-protein diet can help manage symptoms.
• Regular Monitoring:Frequent check-ups to monitor kidney function and overall health.
• Exercise: Regular physical activity to maintain overall well-being.

Living with Nephrotic Syndrome

Managing Nephrotic Syndrome requires a multidisciplinary approach. Patients should work closely with nephrologists, dietitians, and other healthcare professionals. Emotional support and patient education are vital for improving quality of life.

Why Choose Accord Hospital for Nephrology Care?

At Accord Superspeciality Hospital, our Department of Nephrology offers state-of-the-art diagnostic and treatment options for kidney-related disorders, including Nephrotic Syndrome. With a team of experienced nephrologists and advanced facilities, we provide personalized care to ensure the best outcomes for our patients.

If you or your loved one is experiencing symptoms of Nephrotic Syndrome, schedule a consultation with our experts today. Early intervention can make all the difference in managing this condition effectively.